A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely power components,
actuating components, control components, auxiliary components (accessories),
and hydraulic oil.
1. Power components
The function of power components is to convert the mechanical energy of the
prime mover into hydraulic pressure energy, referring to the oil pump in the
hydraulic system, which provides power to the entire hydraulic system. The
structural forms of hydraulic pumps generally include gear pumps, vane pumps,
plunger pumps, and screw pumps.
2. Execution element
The function of executing components such as hydraulic cylinders and
hydraulic motors is to convert the pressure energy of liquids into mechanical
energy, driving loads to perform linear reciprocating or rotary motion.
3. Control components
Control components (i.e. various hydraulic valves) control and regulate the
pressure, flow rate, and direction of fluids in hydraulic systems. According to
different control functions, hydraulic valves can be divided into pressure
control valves, flow control valves, and directional control valves. Pressure
control valves include relief valves (safety valves), pressure reducing valves,
sequence valves, pressure relays, etc.
Flow control valves include throttle valves, regulating valves, diversion and
collection valves, etc; Directional control valves include one-way valves,
hydraulic control one-way valves, shuttle valves, directional valves, etc.
According to different control methods, hydraulic valves can be divided into
switch type control valves, fixed value control valves, and proportional control
valves.
4. Auxiliary components
Auxiliary components include oil tank, oil filter, cooler, heater,
accumulator, oil pipe and pipe joint, sealing ring, quick change joint,
high-pressure ball valve, rubber hose assembly, pressure measuring joint,
pressure gauge, oil level gauge, oil temperature gauge, etc.
5. Hydraulic oil
Hydraulic oil is the working medium for transmitting energy in hydraulic
systems, which includes various types such as mineral oil, emulsion, and
synthetic hydraulic oil.
Extended Information
In hydraulic systems, each pressed component has a surface that moves
relative to each other, such as the inner surface of the hydraulic cylinder and
the outer surface of the piston. Due to the need for relative motion, there is a
certain gap between them. If one side of the gap is high-pressure oil and the
other side is low-pressure oil, the high-pressure oil will flow through the gap
to the low-pressure area, causing leakage.
At the same time, due to incomplete sealing of hydraulic components, some oil
may also leak to the outside. The actual flow caused by this leakage has
decreased, which is what we call flow loss.
Flow loss affects the speed of movement, and leakage is difficult to
absolutely avoid, so the rated flow rate of the pump in the hydraulic system
should be slightly higher than the maximum flow rate required for system
operation. Usually, it can also be estimated by multiplying the maximum flow
required for system operation by a coefficient of 1.1-1.3.
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